Richard and Saladin essays

Richard and Saladin articles Richard 1 and Saladin were both significant pioneers in the Third Crusade. They were both shrewd at an early age, and had bright political and military capacity, which made them extremely effective. Richard was hot-tempered, remorseless, and reckless, which made it simple for him to be scorned by many. As opposed to Richard, Saladin considered verse and was known as a principled legend by the Muslims. He was even respected by the Christians for his genuineness and valiance. Saladin and Richard had common regard for each other after the Battle of Arsuf, when they had made a détente. Both Richard and Saladin had extraordinary military and political capacities at an early age. Richard 1 was given the duchy of Aquitaine, his moms legacy, at 11 years old and was enthroned as duke at Poitiers. Richards oldest sibling, Henry the Young King, was at the same time delegated as his dad's replacement. Richard and his other sibling, Geoffrey, at that point figured out how to guard their property while still adolescents. Richard was likewise six feet four inches tall, which gave him an extraordinary preferred position militarily. Saladin, as a youngster, was a researcher who examined the Koran just as verse, and his academic ways would proceed through his life. At the youthful age of fourteen, he went into the administration of his uncle who was an incredible and regarded Arab warrior. Another guide of Saladin was the Saracen boss Zenghi. Saladin took in his military exercises well and before long started to stand apart among Nur ed-Din's powers. Richard had no obedient devotion, prescience, or awareness of other's expectations. He joined his siblings in resistance to his dad, who attacked Aquistaine twice before Richard proposed and got pardon. A while later, Richard was busy with keeping down individuals revolting in his own duchy. His brutality drove the Gascons mad, and they later revolted. After Richard became beneficiary to England, and to Normandy and Anjou, his dad wished him to yield Aquitaine to his you... <!

Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essays

Writing Review-Fdi in Retail Essays Writing Review-Fdi in Retail Essay Writing Review-Fdi in Retail Essay RETAIL MARKETING PROJECT INTERIM REPORT LITERATURE REVIEW AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND PROFITABILITY OF FDI IN RETAIL SEGMENTS OF INDIA Submitted to: Prof. Sapna Parashar Date: 23-07-2008 Submitted by: Arnab Sinha 071108 INDEX INDEX2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS3 Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail3 LITERATURE REVIEW5 1. Writing Review-15 2. Writing Review-25 3. Writing Review-36 4. Writing Review-47 5. Writing Review-57 GAP ANALYSIS8 REFERENCES9 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail India beat the AT Kearneys yearly Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for the third back to back year, keeping up its situation as the most appealing business sector for retail speculation. The Indian retail advertise, which is the fifth biggest retail goal all inclusive, as per industry gauges is assessed to develop from the US$ 330 billion of every 2007 to US$ 427 billion by 2010 and US$ 637 billion by 2015. Thusly, composed re tail is probably going to build its offer in the complete retail market to 22 percent by 2010. Indias immense working class with its extending buying force and its practically undiscovered retail industry are key attractions for worldwide retail monsters needing to enter fresher markets. With universal brands like Tommy Hilfiger, Esprit and Puma (that have entered the nation) developing admirably more than 100 percent, numerous others are additionally intending to invasion into the Indian retail showcase. The Government permits 100 percent outside direct speculation (FDI) in real money and help through the programmed course and 51 percent in single brand. Moreover, the establishment course is accessible for enormous administrators. To additionally pull in worldwide retailers, the financial study 2007-08 has recommended an offer for remote value in all retail exchange and 100 percent in regard of extravagance brands and other concentrated retail chains. The assessed development of the Indian retail industry with part savvy particulars is given in the accompanying two charts: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Writing Review-1 Title: An Examination of International Retail Franchising in Emerging Markets Authors: Dianne H. B. Welsh, Ilan Alon and Cecilia M. Falbe Source: Journal of Small Business Management Volume 44 Issue 1, Pages 130 †149, 6 Dec 2005 The article starts with a diagram of the advancement of the writing and afterward talks about the nature and extent of developing markets, with specific reference to their effect on the partners of worldwide retail diversifying. Next, the article builds up a reasonable model relating worldwide retail diversifying to its partners. At that point, an audit of the examination is partitioned into the territories of developing world market: Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico and South America, Asia, and different zones that incorporate India, Kuwait, and South Africa. The article finishes up by examining the following stage to building up an examination base for additional comprehension of developing markets notwithstanding the chances and difficulties for retail diversifying and future research. 2. Writing Review-2 Title : Regional Business Networks and the Multinational Retail Sector, Long Range Planning Authors: Stephane J. G. Girod, Alan M. Rugman Source: International Marketing Review, Volume 38, Issue 4, August 2005, Pages 335-357 This article analyzes the system connections of a lot of huge retail global undertakings (MNEs). The paper breaks down under what conditions a lead arrange procedure (portrayed by a system of five accomplices †the MNE, key providers, key accomplices, chose contenders and key associations in the non-business foundation) clarifies the internationalization of three retailers whose geographic degree, sectoral conditions and serious methodologies contrast significantly. It investigates why and when retailers will embrace a lead technique. The three firms are two U. K. - based worldwide retailers (Tesco and The Body Shop) and a French-based worldwide retailer (Moet Hennessy,Louis Vuitton). Proof of solid system connections for every one of the three retailers is found, albeit every grasp arrange techniques for various reasons. Their leader connections rely upon every retailer key utilization of firm-explicit points of interest (FSA s) and nation explicit focal points (CSA s). It gathers that a leader methodology can prevail with regards to conquering inward or potentially ecological limitations to cross-fringe asset moves, which are hindrances to remote direct venture (FDI). 3. Writing Review-3 Title: Foreign section into British retailing, 1850-1994 Creators: Andrew Godley, Scott Fletcher Source: International Marketing Review; Volume: 17 Issue: 4/5; 2000 This paper follows the historical backdrop of remote direct interest in UK retailing since 1850. The outcomes recommend that the upsurge of cross-outskirt movement during the 1980s and mid 1990s was excellent in supreme terms. Be that as it may, when contrasted with the most probable determinant of section rates, purchaser buying power, the ongoing upswing is best observed as an arrival, following quite a few years of moderately low passage rates, to the significant level of FDI winning in the mid twentieth century. In addition, the paper reasons that cross-outskirt retailing will proceed to increment, and to do as such at a rate near twice that of the development in buyer buying power. 4. Writing Review-4 Title: Sino-British joint endeavors in China: Investment examples and host nation conditions Authors: Huaning Li, Colin M. Clarke-Hill European Business Review; Volume: 16 Issue: 1; 2004 This paper examinations the speculation examples of Sino-British joint endeavors in China. The examination depends on the information of 551 Sino-British joint endeavors framed over the time of 1983 to 1996. It plans to give a review of Sino-British joint endeavors interest in China and to clarify the venture conditions. The article examinations the speculation designs from the components of venture esteem, topographical area, industry segment and value possession. To clarify the arrangement of the examples, it further investigates the host nation components of speculation dependent on the strategy system, financial determinants and business assistance. It uncovers the speculation pattern, the lopsided spatial dispersion, the sectoral attributes and the possession structure of joint endeavors. It additionally recommends that administration monetary system and strategies towards FDI are basic in molding the speculation designs. Locational focal points, financial development, modern structures and change process are major monetary components impacting the venture choices. Decentralization of dynamic and nearby governments assistance endeavors likewise assume an integral job in pulling in outside speculation. . Writing Review-5 Title: Host economy effects of transnational retail: the exploration motivation Authors: Neil M. Coe and Neil Wrigley Source: Journal of Economic Geography, April 21, 2007 The most recent decade has seen an increasing speed of retail remote direct venture into a scope of developing markets across East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, drove by a little associate of food and general product reta ilers from Western Europe, and to a lesser degree, North America. While these speculation streams have had significant formative effects in have economies, inquire about around there is still in its early stages. This article accordingly maps out a point by point look into motivation as for the host economy effects of transnational retailing. In the wake of laying everything out experimentally and adroitly, the article considers various elements of these effects on retail seriousness, flexibly chain elements, utilization practices and purchaser/common society, institutional and administrative structures and, proportionally, on the retail transnational partnerships themselves. It finishes up by requiring a coordinated interdisciplinary research exertion into this significant and understudied part of monetary globalization. Hole ANALYSIS Most of the significant work encompassing outside interest in retail segment has centered after arranging procedures, have nation conditions, diversifying and speculation openings and effect of cross outskirt exchange. Ad lib on these works will be done based on exploring the extent of remote interest in different retail fragments, productivity over these segments and a similar investigation. Additionally effect of reasonable parameters that can influence composed retailing and passage of remote players will be assessed through a relapse investigation and hugeness will be tried. Likewise how government changes ought to be embraced will be prescribed that will give a lift to retail segment in India and the economy all in all. REFERENCES 1. ABI Inform Global, ABI Inform Trade Industry 2. EBSCO-Business Source Complete 3. ELSEVIER Science Direct 4. Value Waterhouse Coopers Analytical Publication 5. ibef. com 6. researchwiki. com 7. livemint. com

Obvious Marketing Moves I was Totally Missing on LinkedIn and Mobile!

Obvious Marketing Moves I was Totally Missing on LinkedIn and Mobile! Squeeze Pack Solutions While eating out of a nut butter squeeze pack a few weeks ago, I reached the point where I could not squeeze out any moreâ€"but I knew there was still plenty of almond butter stuck to the inside walls of the package. It didn’t take me long to figure out that I could cut the package open to extract the remaining goo. It was messy, but it worked. Shortly thereafter, I reached the end of a toothpaste tube and thought, “I wonder if there’s toothpaste stuck to the insides of this packaging too?” I cut open the tube and retrieved three brushings worth of paste. It took me what… 40 years? to even notice this problem. The solution was easy. Blinding Flashes of the Obvious We all have moments where something happens, or someone makes a suggestion to us, and a light bulb goes off. Wow! That makes total sense! How did I not think of that? It was right in front of my face. How have I not done that already? My ActionCOACH coaches call these sudden revelations “Blinding Flashes of the Obvious.” When one of these ideas arises, I am surprised by it because I probably knew somewhere deep inside that I needed to do this thing, but it hadn’t risen to the surface as a priority. After an initial, “What have I been thinking?!” I get into action. This past week, I attended The National Resume Writers’ Association annual conference, where I garnered several “blinding flashes of the obvious” from conversations I had with my colleagues. Here are my top two: 1. Create more than one LinkedIn profile Experience entry for my “job” at The Essay Expert. You’d think that as a LinkedIn expert I would have maximized my LinkedIn SEO already. I tell other people all the time that if they held more than one position at a company, they should create more than one entry in order to include more keywords. But was I following this advice myself? Nope. I was like the proverbial overweight, cigarette-smoking doctor. Yikes. At The NRWA conference, a fellow resume writer showed me her LinkedIn profile to ask my opinion. She had eight (eight!!) entries for her current business, and she had stuffed keywords into every one. While I did not recommend that she use this tactic, and while I believe that “keyword stuffing” can backfire, I realized that with only one entry for my role in my business, I was missing out on a big opportunity to put more keywords into my own LinkedIn profile. As of Sunday night, I have created separate sections in my profile for my position as an Executive Resume Writer, Executive LinkedIn Profile Writer, and College Admissions Essay Consultant. I am in disbelief that for the past eight years, I had been cramming all these roles into one LinkedIn Experience entry. I am curious to see what happens with my profile views and inquiries for business now that I have followed my own advice! 2. Get texting capabilities to and from my business phone line. For at least two years, texting has been the most popular form of communication used in this country. It would seem obvious that people would want to send texts to my business number. In fact, I’m sure many people have sent texts to my business number, thinking they were reaching me. Until yesterday, those texts were going directly to nowhere. Not only that, but when I wanted to send a text to a client, I had to do it through my personal cell phone. I did not like texting clients because then they would call me on my personal cell phone number, and I much prefer to keep that number, well, personal. I was avoiding texting because of this issue, despite the fact that my clients probably would have loved to text me. Was I thinking of the most obvious solution to this problem? No. I was not prioritizing the issue, despite the fact that 95% of texts are read within 3 minutes, while only 12% of emails are opened. Enabling text was a no-brainer, and I apparently had no brain. It took me until last week’s conference, at the suggestion of my brilliant colleague Robin Schlinger, to bite the bullet and enable texting capabilities on my business line. She mentioned that several executive clients had texted her with inquiries for her services, and that was enough to convince me to get on the texting bandwagon! Now clients will be able to reach out to me via their preferred mode of communication, whether that is phone, email, or … text!! And I can easily send texts without revealing my personal number. On a related note, I needed a better way to make calls from my cell phone that appeared to be coming from my business number. Purchasing texting capabilities led me to download the eVoice app, which solved that problem too. I had been wanting that kind of solution for yearsâ€"getting the app was another blinding flash of the obvious! In order to have the types of revelations I’ve been describing, we have to be paying attention, listening for good ideas (they could appear at any moment), and willing to take new action. Are you ready? Are there nagging problems in your life that you have been ignoring, not even giving them the time of day? Maybe they are more important than you think, and easier to fix than you think. I challenge you to have a “blinding flash of the obvious” this week, and share below what it is!

College And High School Are Very Different - 901 Words

College and high school are very different. It is important for students to be responsible because they will experience distinct differences in relationships between themselves and their professors/ teachers, behavior, and academics because being irresponsible in these areas can cause big problems. Professors in college are different than teachers in high school. Instructors do what they can to prepare their students for success. In high school some teachers will allow students to turn in work past its due date if they give an excuse like, â€Å"I forgot it at home† or â€Å"My dog ate it.† That excuse does not fly with certain professors in college. â€Å"Some might say that’s too bad.† In high school more test is assigned. At North Miami Senior High School, students are tested every week or two. The work is not that difficult, but more test are given. Teachers go over homework with students in class. On the other hand, professors do not care whether you attended class or not. Having more than two absences can cause a professor to withdraw students from their course. In secondary school, instructors are always concerned about students absents. As a result of missing too many days’ students can fail. Excusing a student from school would be un derstandable for a teacher. Certain issues students have with high school teachers might not sit well with college instructors. The different behaviors in college and high school can be a challenge for some but a lesson to others. In college,Show MoreRelatedThe Similarities And Differences Of High School And College715 Words   |  3 PagesWeather that is high school or college. The similarities and differences are not very dramatic,but they are there. High school and college which are two very different but similar worlds are similar and different in many ways. High school and College are very similar. They are both forms of school. High School and college are both a time in an individuals life when they are really finding out who they are and what they want to become and make of their life. It is also a time when the schools are tryingRead MoreEssay On Self Discipline1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrequired to be an academically successful college student is at a much higher level than that of the required self-discipline of a high school student. Fortunately, I attended a private Catholic high school that prepares its students very well for college. The age gap between a senior in high school and a college freshman may only be a few months to a year, but the way they are treated is the comparison of a baby to an adult. College professors try very hard to instruct the students but they realizeRead MoreHigh School Vs. College923 Words   |  4 PagesEng. 110-48 31 August 2015 High School Vs. College High school and college are both higher education institutions that enlighten students; however, there are many differences between the two that make them both unique. In high school, the goal is to gain a broad understanding of numerous subjects so that when they arrive to college, they have an understanding of their interests, goals, dreams, and what it takes to pursue their potential career. High school works as a place for students toRead MoreHigh School Vs. College902 Words   |  4 PagesEducation is a very critical part of a person’s life. There are many levels to education and an abundant amount of students that do not make it to the highest level possible. High school and college are the two main groups that can make or break a person’s education. Between high school and college, there are different requirements and goals needed to succeed. As a student, self-motivation, the value of education, and the responsibilities students must uphold fluctuate among high school and college. For aRead MoreHigh School Vs College Essays1205 Words   |  5 PagesHigh School vs. College As we go on in life we face many challenges and new situations that we deal with. A new situation that most people deal with is college and all the changes that come along with it. What many people dont realize is that high school, in many ways, is similar and differrent from college. Not only are people changing but the surroundings and work change as well. There are some things that seem to never change such as some work and people. The majority of the work in collegeRead MoreCompare And Contrast College Education And High School Education786 Words   |  4 Pagesquoted as saying â€Å"I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.† He knew the importance of being educated and placed a high importance on never letting his brain to stagnate. In today’s modern society the two forms of education most popular are high school education and a college education. More people now than ever are striving to get their college degree which can lead to a better job. Going through both forms of education has shown me the many similarities and differences betweenRead MoreHigh School Vs. College1149 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Grunow Writing 1010 October 26, 2015 High School vs. College Graduating from high school is what every student is looking forward to. However, going to college is a big accomplishment for all students. The first day of freshman high school and college feels the same, the excitement and pressured. As many students experienced, both high school and college could be compared their similarities. First, both students in college and high school are expected to behave in well mannered, attendRead MoreHigh School And College Should Have A Greater Chance For Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween high school and college should have a greater chance for success† (S.Hansen). Most of us spend 15 to 16 years in school to get to college. School plays a significant role in our life. We can do so much different things in school such as play sports, volunteer and extracurricular activities. High school and college are significantly different and they are also similar in some ways, for instance they are different academically and socially. College educa tion is very expensive while high schoolRead MoreDifferences Between High School And College930 Words   |  4 PagesHigh school and college have some differences and some similarities. Some major differences between high school and college is that in college you schedule your classes for a certain time through the day, while in high school you have classes one after another till the end of the school day. Also college classes are long while high school classes are about only 50 minutes. Some major similarities between the two is that you still have to study for your classes as well as you still have papers andRead MoreHigh School Vs. College1434 Words   |  6 Pagespeople believe that transitioning from a High School environment to a College environment is arduous, others believe it is effortless. High School and College both require teachers and work, but they both have differences that many people are not aware of. People will say that college and High School are similar becau se they both require effort for one to pass, but what they do not realize is the amount of effort which is necessary for each. With High School, teachers give students busy work that will

Acorn Barnacles Facts

Acorn barnacles are crustaceans in the Balanidae family and Balanus genus that all share the same common name and can include any stalkless barnacle in the order Sessilia. They are part of class Maxillopoda, and their genus name comes from the Greek word balanos, meaning acorn. Acorn barnacles live along rocky shores and are filter feeders. They begin life as free swimmers like other crustaceans but attach themselves to rocks or bottoms of boats and spend the rest of their lives in this position. Fast Facts Scientific Name: BalanusCommon Names: Acorn barnacleOrder: SessiliaBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: from 0.7 inch (balanus glandula) to above 4 inches (balanus nubilus)Life Span: 1 to 7 yearsDiet: Plankton and edible detritusHabitat: Rocky shoresPopulation: Not evaluatedFun Fact: In just 2 years, as much as 10 tons of acorn barnacles can be attached to ships, causing enough drag to increase fuel consumption by 40% Description Acorn Barnacle Shells. Â  medveh / Getty Images Plus Acorn barnacles are crustaceans and not mollusks. They are joint-legged animals that live inside cone-shaped shells, standing on their heads and grabbing food with their legs. Acorn barnacles are also sessile, or fixed in place, and remain in the place they attach themselves to as larvae. Due to their stationary lives, there is no discernible separation between the head and thorax. Because their legs absorb oxygen, acorn barnacles’ legs are feathery and gill-like. They produce a shell as they reach adulthood, which is made of six fused plates with a hole in the top to allow them to feed and a valve to seal the shell against predators. They also have cement glands that produce brown glue that attaches them to surfaces, an adhesive so strong that not even acids can remove the shell even after they have died. Common predators of acorn barnacles include starfish and snails. Both have the ability to penetrate their hard shells. Starfish can pull the shells apart while the snails are able to penetrate via the fused plates. Habitat and Distribution These creatures live on rocky shores along the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in temperate and tropical regions across the world. They primarily live in tropical, tidal zone, marine environments but can survive in cooler regions. They attach themselves to ship hulls, whales, turtles, and rocks depending on the surface contour, water movement, and light. Diet and Behavior Their diet consists of plankton and edible detritus that they filter from the water with their feathery legs. Once attached to a surface, the barnacle’s valve opens, and its legs search the water for plankton. The valve tightly closes when it is threatened by a predator or when the tide becomes low. The door allows them to trap water in their shells and conserve moisture so that they do not dry out. Acorn barnacles prefer to settle in large groups, which comes in handy during breeding season. Some species, like balanus glandula, can reach population densities of up to 750,000 per square foot. They compete for space with other rock dwellers such as anemones and mussels. Each species adapts to different tidal zones, so different acorn barnacle species can be zoned above or below each other. Reproduction and Offspring These barnacles are hermaphroditic, meaning they have both female and male sex organs. Since they can’t fertilize themselves, they rely on fertilizing neighboring individuals. Because acorn barnacles are stationary, they grow long penises, which can be up to 6 times the length of their own bodies at 3 inches. They pass and receive sperm within a 3 inch range, and any barnacles more than this range from any neighbor can not reproduce. At the end of mating season, the penis dissolves only to be grown again the next year. Each barnacle broods fertilized eggs within their shells. Once hatched, acorn barnacles begin life as free swimming larvae. When they decide to settle, the larvae glue their heads to a hard surface and build their cone-shaped shells of limestone, becoming miniature adults. Species Closeup of Balanus balanoides on a stone. HHelene / iStock / Getty Images Plus Acorn barnacles are any stalkless barnacle species in the genus Balanus, and any barnacle in the order Sessilia can have the same common name. There are approximately 30 different species in the genus Balanus, from the smallest in size, Balanus glandula, to the largest, Balanus nubilus. All Balanus species are hermaphrodites. Some additional examples of acorn barnacle species are: Balanus crenatus, Balanus eburneus, Balanus perforatus, and Balanus trigonus. Conservation Status Most Balanus species have not been evaluated by the the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Balanus aquila has been designated as data deficient. However, their range and prevalence continue to increase as barnacles attach themselves to boats and animals that displace them large distances. Sources Acorn Barnacle. Monterey Bay Aquarium, https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-and-exhibits/animal-guide/invertebrates/acorn-barnacle.Acorn Barnacle. Oceana, https://oceana.org/marine-life/cephalopods-crustaceans-other-shellfish/acorn-barnacle.Acorn Barnacle. Slater Museum Of Natural History, https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/exhibits/marine-panel/acorn-barnacle/.Balanus Aquila. IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species, 1996, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2534/9450643.Lott, L. Semibalanus Balanoides. Animal Diversity Web, 2001, https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Semibalanus_balanoides/.

What I am Passionate About Free Essays

Usain Bolt has won six Olympic gold medals. What do they all have in common? It is not that they won numerous gold medals. It Is they are all passionate about what they do, Since I started preschool at age four, my time outside of school have been piled up with never ending activities, first there was ballet, then came ice skating, art class, then swimming, chess, then Plano, speed reading, and flute. We will write a custom essay sample on What I am Passionate About or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whenever I quit doing one thing, I picked up something new. As the years go by, most of these activities are only memories, but one thing has rooted inside of me. After a day of academic learning and demanding homework, I will quickly retreat into my safe haven, drawing. I love drawing. I think I am better at it than spelling. Maybe that is the reason I am better at math and science than reading and writing in school. To me, math and science is another way of drawing using dfferent media. I believe when writers want to write, their minds will be filled with words and sentences, but when I want to express myself, my mind will be filled with images and graphics. School, homework, and keeping up good grades can be pretty stressful, When I draw, I feel I am In a world where there are endless sunshine, a warm breeze, soft rolling green hills, fragrant flowers, morning dew on the bright green grass, chirping birds†¦ sometimes there are lines, geometric shapes, and dots which all Intertwine In the endless void. As long as I can Imagine, I can draw, I feel happy. People often think artists are only appreciated when they are dead. I believe that is a narrow way to appreciate art. Art is the major part of our life. Everything we live by pretty much started out with an Idea throwing on a piece of paper in the form of sketch or drawing. How would Thomas Edison plan out his idea for the light bulb? Drawing has become a major part of me; it has become my anchor and my passion and I am pretty darn good at It. How to cite What I am Passionate About, Papers

Agenda Setting free essay sample

Agenda Setting Patricia Wigington Grand Canyon University COM 126 Introduction The mass media today, no longer reports public opinion, it drives it. This paper discusses how mass media sets the agenda, and what impact this had on the issues that emerged during the 2008 presidential election. According to Donald Shaw and Maxwell Combs, agenda is a theory to describe now the news media can have a considerable impact on shaping the publics opinion of a social reality, on influencing what people believe are important issues. (ShawMcCombs, 1977) Agenda SettingMedia consolidation is one thing that contributes to agenda-setting. As the number of newspapers dwindles and radio and TV stations are sold to one or two conglomerates, the news is in effect being censored because it reflect only the viewpoint of a single organization. If conflicting views are never even mentioned, the public is never aware that there is an entirely different side to the issue than the one being presented. It requires persistence to find out the facts of an issue, and people may not make the effort. Then too, the media itself has changed dramatically in recent years.Many people now get their news from digital media including the Internet, but the flood of electronic information may not make them more knowledgeable, just more informed about issues they may not consider important. Marshall McLuhan once famously argued that the medium is the message; David Considine twists it slightly, to the idea that the â€Å"medium is the massage,† and that we are all being worked over by the media, in particular younger people (Considine, 2009, p. 65). Today’s technology, people using several electronic devices simultaneously, practice widely known as multitasking (Considine, 2009). Time Magazine wondered, however, if people are â€Å"too wired for their own good,† and whether modern media were contributing to â€Å"students’ reduced attention spans, making it harder for educators to reach and teach them† (Considine, 2009, p. 65). There is a legitimate question as to whether this environment of electronic noise and constant communication makes them â€Å"active and informed citizens† or merely â€Å"spectators moving from one distraction to another† (Considine, 2009, p. 65).The answer seems clear when Considine reveals that despite the fact that in 2006, the number of young people ages 18-29 in the U. S. was 50 million, only seven million voted in the mid-term election (Considine, 2009). In other words, they have access to information but don’t transform that information into knowledge or political action. Younger people are a volatile population when it comes to voting. They become wildly enthusiastic for a particular candidate such as Ron Paul or Howard Dean, but fail to show up at the polls (Considine, 2009).Barack Obama was able to energize this group on his own behalf and that of other Democratic candidates: â€Å"Exit polling from the January 2008 Iowa caucus for the Democratic candidates showed a record turnout among eighteen-to twenty-nine year olds, who heavily supported the theme of change promoted by Senator Barack Obama† (Considine, 2009, p. 66). Now of course they seem to have disengaged again and organizations such as Democracy for America and Moveon. org are actively working to re-energize them and get them to the polls in November.Part of Barack Obama’s success in the 2008 election was due to his savvy use of electronic media (Considine, 2009). He was able to â€Å"use new technology to reach and energize voters; his campaign built a substantial database and achieved record-breaking fundraising† (Considine, 2009, p. 66). It also seems logical that part of his appeal is that he does know how to use Twitter and FaceBook, and that he tweets personal messages; his electronic presence immediately makes his opponent look old and out of touch.He further endeared himself to young voters and â€Å"reaffirmed his commitment to communication technology when he insisted on keeping his personal Blackberry† (Considine, 2009,p. 66) The tendency of the media to set agendas was clearly shown in the summer of 2009, when electronic forums such as YouTube and Twitter, along with traditional outlets such as newspaper columns, t ook up the health-care debate and buzzed about such ludicrous and inaccurate items as â€Å"’death panels,’ socialism, Hitler and fascism† (Jones McBeth, 2010, p. 29). These scare tactics, which are all completely false, were used to try and discredit both the reform effort and the President, and are a clear example of the way the media sets an agenda. Picking up on the hysteria of the far right, the media repeated the lies without doing any fact checking, leading commentators to wonder â€Å"how these ideas rationally relate to the debate over reform† (Jones McBeth, 2010, p. 329).The fact that these crazy notions were not only given credence but reported widely, and continue to appear in the media, show how powerful such things can be â€Å"in shaping public opinion and ultimately in shaping governmental action† (Jones McBeth, 2010, p. 329). The misleading claims about â€Å"death panels,† the idea of Obama being Hitler and leading the country into a Socialist government are all â€Å"elements of larger policy tall-tales that were intentionally used by opponents of health-care reform attempting to derail President Oba ma’s reform. Obama’s supporters countered these lies with stories of their own: personal accounts from Americans who, for various reasons, were priced out of the heath care system or even denied care (Jones McBeth, 2010). The use of narratives is a powerful tool in setting the political agenda in the United States. One study found that although TV and internet users had a common agenda (the use of electronic media), their â€Å"ranked agendas† differed greatly from the ranked agendas of the media themselves (Brubaker, 2008).That is, the TV watchers and internet users were not interested in the programming or information that was being presented to them: â€Å"The overall general media audience ranked 10 or the 11 public affairs issues significantly different than presented by the media† (Brubaker, 2008). TV watchers and internet users were interested in â€Å"important public affairs issues,† but the agenda they were following â€Å"significantly differed from the ag enda that medium was showing them’ (Brubaker, 2008). This implies that the media â€Å"are not powerful in setting the agenda of important public affairs or political issues.People have particular issues they feel are important, regardless of what the media present† (Brubaker, 2008). This seems to be at odds with the idea that the media sets the agenda. and people simply put up with it. With regard to the 2008 Presidential election, the agenda presented by the media was that of the war in Iraq, but it was quickly displaced by concern about the economy; an agenda driven by consumers’ interests, not those of the media (Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010). But this source claims that the media set another agenda, a highly visible but totally unnecessary one, that of race.Barack Obama is black, and that became a major issue in the election: â€Å"The measurement of Obama’s potential success didn’t lie in whether or not voters were willing to vote for a black candidate, but whether or not voters, more specifically white voters, could view Obama, or blacks in general, as leaders (Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010). Had the media been more concerned about Obama’s positions and qualifications and less about the color of hi s skin, the entire election would have been conducted on a much higher level.This source also notes that the racial issues was studied in swing states like Ohio, where it was deemed to be extremely important (Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010). In one study, Ohio was measured for â€Å"favorability between candidates in the areas of republicans, democrats, independents, men, women, whites and blacks;† it was found that a vast majority of black voters, as many as 90%, favored Obama, no matter what their previous voting record or party affiliation was (Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010).The question raised by this result is whether our society â€Å"is the way it is because of the media, or is the media a direct reflection of the way society is †¦ In the case of Obama for President, the media clearly allowed race to chase to the top of the list of exaggerated issues that never should have been a part of the presidential election in the first place† (Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010).In response to the popularity of Obama, the Republicans tried to set the media agenda to focus on issues such as Iraq and health care, arguing that race should not be consuming the attention focused on it ( Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010). But Republicans also tried to set an agenda favorable to them by introducing Sarah Palin as their vice presidential candidate to appeal to women voters; setting the agenda worked in Ohio, where pollsters noted a shift among women of all races who were not previously affiliated with a particular party (Agenda setting and the Obama election, 2010).